A)
1. By 1943, the time that this poster was made, all three of the nations represented in the chains were at war with Japan, and Japan seemed to be gaining the upper hand. On Feb. 15 1942, 140,000 British and American troops were taken by the Japanese when they captured Singapore. On March 9, 1942, the Dutch East Indies were taken over by the Japanese. Then in April and May, American troops in the Phillipines surrendered, and British colony Burma succumbed to attack.
2. The artist showed the relationships of the countries to Japan as a heavy chain because for so long these countries oppressed Japan. For example, the U.S. gave money and help to China in its war against Japan before America was even involved, cancelled all of its trading agreements with Japan, "stopped the sale of planes, chemicals, and iron to Japan", and later on even stopped the sale of oil. This was a blow to Japan, because 90% of its oil came from the U.S. Britain's similar colonial and military power had a similar effect.
3. The breaking of the chain by the soldier is meant to represent Japan finally becoming more powerful than The U.S. Britain, and the Dutch, and being able to throw off the chains of their oppression.
4. I think it was published with English rather than Japanese lettering because it was probably intended as a message to the U.S. and Britain and The Dutch that Japan was no longer subservient to them (however, I think that writing this in the language of the people that they are supposedly freeing themselves from defeats the purpose of this message, but I suppose then nobody would have known what it meant).
2)
1. 3 long term causes from the list are: Japan's lack of oil and supplies, US ban on oil supplies, and the formation of the UN (rather, the formation and the consequential lack of action). I think that the most important of these is Japan's lack of oil and supplies, because if Japan had had everything it needed then it likely wouldn't have invaded Manchuria, as Manchuria's resources were the biggest reason for invading.
2. 3 long term consequences were Japan becoming the greatest power in Asia, the collapse of British colonial power and the Tripartite Axis Pact. I think that the most important of these was Japan's becoming the most powerful Asian country, because it enabled the war to go on for longer. Ultimately, because of Japan's growth in power, the only way that the Western powers saw to stop Japan was to use the nuclear bombs, which killed and devastated millions and millions of people.
3.
1. Formation of the U.N.
2. Japan's lack of oil and supplies
3. US ban on oil supplies to Japan
4. Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor
5. The Tripartite Axis Pact
6. Collapse of British colonial power
7. Japan becomes the most powerful country in the East
8. Co-Prosperity Sphere (? I don't know what this is)
Thursday, December 17, 2009
HW 10
Chapter 5: The Great Fatherland War
A)
1.The photograph of the Soviet citizens on page 11 shows people so enthusiastic to see the Nazis that they might have been Germans themselves. As the German soldiers drive through, there are smiling people crowded on the sides of the road, doing the Nazi salute and cheering like they were welcoming their own men.
2.Some Soviet citizens were not treated well under Stalin's reign. Anyone who didn't support communism, or was an “undesirable” – Jews, homosexuals, etc – lived horribly under Stalin. There were also others, such as peasants or farmers, who were forced into collectivization and essentially made no wages or reaped any benefits for their work because the government owned everything. These people probably thought that life under a dictator like Hitler was preferable to life under a dictator like Stalin; or perhaps they were only thinking of the immediate future and were willing to welcome anyone as long as it freed them from Stalin.
3.Based on sources A,C, and D, there are several reasons that the same Nazis the Russians welcomes might have been less welcome a year later. For one, there was the complications to daily life that being invaded by the Germans entailed: Everything that the Germans could use to their advantage had to be hidden or destroyed, which probably made life uncomfortable for the Russians, especially farmers and peasants who had to get rid of food. The invasion of the Nazis essentially forced the Russians to destroy their own country and resources so that the Nazis wouldn't benefit from them; however, then the Russians couldn't either. Source C shows that by a year later, the Nazis were looked at as “Fascist invaders” rather than liberators. The oath talks about “revenge” “for the burning of [their] cities and villages...the murder of [their] children...and the torture and atrocities committed against [their] people.”
B)
1.Stalin was essentially telling his people to destroy everything they had that might be of value to the Germans, even if it was something that the Russians themselves needed. Bread, wheat and petrol should all be destroyed, and the land occupied by enemies must be sabotaged – bridges and roads, telephone and telegraph lines, etc. Stalin basically told his people to destroy their own country.
2.I think that Stalin hoped that he might drive the Nazis out by making conditions unbearable to live in. With the lack of food and supplies, the Nazis would starve and freeze and be unable to move forward with their attack, and the ruination of communication lines and roads would make progression and coordination much harder. Stalin hoped that, given these difficulties, the Germans might give up.
3.a) I think that the lives of the Soviet people would be most negatively affected in the areas wher Stalin's commands were carried out. In addition to most likely being murdered and having their homes destroyed by the Germans, they had no food, no supplies, no methods of communication or transport.
b) I think that the lives of the German soldiers were probably not much better – they wouldn't be able to move easily across the country, and they weren't able to take things from the Russians because the Russians had nothing. However, they did have what Germany supplied them with. On the other hand, the weather made life very difficult, because the ground was either muddy or, when winter came, frozen over. The sub-zero temperatures caused a large number of deaths in the army, and automatic weapons could not be used because of the cold.
C)
1.
The German Invasion of Russia Similar to German Campaigns in Europe:
1.Method of Attack
– Invasion: Destroyed most of the airforce while it was still on the ground, took prisoners and supplies. Occupied major areas such as the Ukraine, the Crimea, all rich farming and industrial areas. Massacred Jews, people taken as slave labor.
2.Length of Campaign
– 1941-1942 until Germany was defeated.
3.Effects on Civilians
– Civilians were massacres, homes burned, villages ruined, people taken as slaves. The people also suffered because of Stalin's “scorched earth” methods.
4.Result of Campaign
– Germany failed, left.
A)
1.The photograph of the Soviet citizens on page 11 shows people so enthusiastic to see the Nazis that they might have been Germans themselves. As the German soldiers drive through, there are smiling people crowded on the sides of the road, doing the Nazi salute and cheering like they were welcoming their own men.
2.Some Soviet citizens were not treated well under Stalin's reign. Anyone who didn't support communism, or was an “undesirable” – Jews, homosexuals, etc – lived horribly under Stalin. There were also others, such as peasants or farmers, who were forced into collectivization and essentially made no wages or reaped any benefits for their work because the government owned everything. These people probably thought that life under a dictator like Hitler was preferable to life under a dictator like Stalin; or perhaps they were only thinking of the immediate future and were willing to welcome anyone as long as it freed them from Stalin.
3.Based on sources A,C, and D, there are several reasons that the same Nazis the Russians welcomes might have been less welcome a year later. For one, there was the complications to daily life that being invaded by the Germans entailed: Everything that the Germans could use to their advantage had to be hidden or destroyed, which probably made life uncomfortable for the Russians, especially farmers and peasants who had to get rid of food. The invasion of the Nazis essentially forced the Russians to destroy their own country and resources so that the Nazis wouldn't benefit from them; however, then the Russians couldn't either. Source C shows that by a year later, the Nazis were looked at as “Fascist invaders” rather than liberators. The oath talks about “revenge” “for the burning of [their] cities and villages...the murder of [their] children...and the torture and atrocities committed against [their] people.”
B)
1.Stalin was essentially telling his people to destroy everything they had that might be of value to the Germans, even if it was something that the Russians themselves needed. Bread, wheat and petrol should all be destroyed, and the land occupied by enemies must be sabotaged – bridges and roads, telephone and telegraph lines, etc. Stalin basically told his people to destroy their own country.
2.I think that Stalin hoped that he might drive the Nazis out by making conditions unbearable to live in. With the lack of food and supplies, the Nazis would starve and freeze and be unable to move forward with their attack, and the ruination of communication lines and roads would make progression and coordination much harder. Stalin hoped that, given these difficulties, the Germans might give up.
3.a) I think that the lives of the Soviet people would be most negatively affected in the areas wher Stalin's commands were carried out. In addition to most likely being murdered and having their homes destroyed by the Germans, they had no food, no supplies, no methods of communication or transport.
b) I think that the lives of the German soldiers were probably not much better – they wouldn't be able to move easily across the country, and they weren't able to take things from the Russians because the Russians had nothing. However, they did have what Germany supplied them with. On the other hand, the weather made life very difficult, because the ground was either muddy or, when winter came, frozen over. The sub-zero temperatures caused a large number of deaths in the army, and automatic weapons could not be used because of the cold.
C)
1.
The German Invasion of Russia Similar to German Campaigns in Europe:
1.Method of Attack
– Invasion: Destroyed most of the airforce while it was still on the ground, took prisoners and supplies. Occupied major areas such as the Ukraine, the Crimea, all rich farming and industrial areas. Massacred Jews, people taken as slave labor.
2.Length of Campaign
– 1941-1942 until Germany was defeated.
3.Effects on Civilians
– Civilians were massacres, homes burned, villages ruined, people taken as slaves. The people also suffered because of Stalin's “scorched earth” methods.
4.Result of Campaign
– Germany failed, left.
HW 12
Pearl Harbor (1941):
December 7, 1941, Japan attacked an American naval base in the Hawaiian Islands with an air raid bombing. 350 aircraft and 5 naval ships were destroyed, and 3700 men killed or wounded within two hours. The significance of this was that it was the catalyst which brought America into the war, and it furthered Japan's control of the Pacific.
Midway (1942):
This was significant because it allowed the allies to begin reclaiming the Pacific from the Japanese, who controlled it almost entirely at this point. The Japanese lost strike planes and carriers, weakening them greatly.
El Alamein (1942):
Important because it prevented Egypt and the Suez Canal into German hands -- the Suez Canal was important for access to Africa, so that was important. It led to the complete removal of Axis forces from North Africa. El Alamein also prevented the possible joining between the Axis Powers and Ukraine or the Middle East.
Stalingrad (1942):
The German defeat at Stalingrad had a psychological effect; it boosted Russian morale and showed that the Germans were invincible, showed Hitler's poor judgement.
The Battle of the Atlantic:
Important because, with Britain's losses sustained in March 1943 and stayed in the war, without winning the battle of the Atlantic. Also eliminated the fear of German U-Boat attacks, gave the allies sea power.
Allied Bombing of Germany and Japan:
Cut off fuel and armaments production for the Axis and destroyed their railway communications. Also functioned as a diversion of many aircraft from the eastern front, allowing the Russians to advance into Germany.
A.
Second Front: A war fought with enemies on both fronts. For example, when Hitler declared war on both of the Western Powers and the USSR, he started a two front war.
Area bombing: The practice of leveling everything in a target area, including the homes of civilians -- a practice of total war.
The Allies:The forces fighting against Germany, Japan and Italy, included Great Britain, France, USSR, Canada, France, Australia and the USA.
Operation Torch: Three British-American armies invaded the French colonies Morocco and Algeria.
B
a) Soldiers conditions similar to each other:
-Ended with their victories.
b) Soldiers conditions different from each other:
-Location
-Australian soldiers fighting Japan
-The German army fighting the Allies
December 7, 1941, Japan attacked an American naval base in the Hawaiian Islands with an air raid bombing. 350 aircraft and 5 naval ships were destroyed, and 3700 men killed or wounded within two hours. The significance of this was that it was the catalyst which brought America into the war, and it furthered Japan's control of the Pacific.
Midway (1942):
This was significant because it allowed the allies to begin reclaiming the Pacific from the Japanese, who controlled it almost entirely at this point. The Japanese lost strike planes and carriers, weakening them greatly.
El Alamein (1942):
Important because it prevented Egypt and the Suez Canal into German hands -- the Suez Canal was important for access to Africa, so that was important. It led to the complete removal of Axis forces from North Africa. El Alamein also prevented the possible joining between the Axis Powers and Ukraine or the Middle East.
Stalingrad (1942):
The German defeat at Stalingrad had a psychological effect; it boosted Russian morale and showed that the Germans were invincible, showed Hitler's poor judgement.
The Battle of the Atlantic:
Important because, with Britain's losses sustained in March 1943 and stayed in the war, without winning the battle of the Atlantic. Also eliminated the fear of German U-Boat attacks, gave the allies sea power.
Allied Bombing of Germany and Japan:
Cut off fuel and armaments production for the Axis and destroyed their railway communications. Also functioned as a diversion of many aircraft from the eastern front, allowing the Russians to advance into Germany.
A.
Second Front: A war fought with enemies on both fronts. For example, when Hitler declared war on both of the Western Powers and the USSR, he started a two front war.
Area bombing: The practice of leveling everything in a target area, including the homes of civilians -- a practice of total war.
The Allies:The forces fighting against Germany, Japan and Italy, included Great Britain, France, USSR, Canada, France, Australia and the USA.
Operation Torch: Three British-American armies invaded the French colonies Morocco and Algeria.
B
a) Soldiers conditions similar to each other:
-Ended with their victories.
b) Soldiers conditions different from each other:
-Location
-Australian soldiers fighting Japan
-The German army fighting the Allies
HW 15
Chapter 10
A.
Total War: A war in which not only the armed forces of a country are involved, but its civilians in their daily lives.
Forced Labor: Self explanatory; people are essentially captured and forced to work as slaves in labor camps. In Europe, over 5 million people were taken to do forced labor in Germany; many died because of long hours and poor conditions.
Concentration Camp: Run by the Germans, "factories dealing in death" that were used as a way for the German to kill their enemies: they used starvation, sadism, "inadequate clothing", medical neglect, disease, beatings, hangings, etc. Millions of Europeans were forced into these camps over the course of the war.
"The Final Solution": This was the Nazi's plan for how to deal with the Jews in Europe. In 1942, the Nazis decided that the final solution was to exterminate all of the Jews in Europe, and to achieve this they built 5 concentration camps in Poland with gas chambers. More than 5 million people were killed in them between 1942 and 1945; before, Jews were mainly forced to live in ghettoes and/or were kept on starvation ratios, but at this point the Nazis had decided to just murder all the Jews, straight out.
Ghettoes: Walled off areas of towns which the Jews were not allowed to leave by Nazi orders. An example of a ghetto was the one at Warsaw, in which half a million Jews were trapped in a small area of the city and kept of starvation rations.
Extermination Camps: The concentration camps in Poland, in which more than 5 million people were killed between 1942 and 1945. They were equipped with gas chambers in which thousands of people could be killed at a time with poison gas.
Partisans: Bands of civilians that formed armed groups to resist invaders; known in France as the Resistance.
Guerilla War: "Unorthodox" war tactics were used to take advantage of a more powerful nation. Partisans and the Resistance used guerilla tactics by blowing up railways, roads and telephone lines, ambushing convoys, setting supply dumps on fire, and killing soldiers.
B.
1. A Chinese family in Sunkiang would have been affected by the war in at least the loss of their home. The city was in ashes by 1937, and most of the residents had evacuated. If the family was unlucky they might not have even survived.
2. A French family in Northeastern France would likely have been forced to flee the approaching German troops, losing their homes.
3. A Soviet aircraft factory worker would have been forced to move past the Ural mountains with the rest of the factory equipment in Russia.
4. A Jewish person anywhere in Germany in 1942 would have been affected by the "final solution", which basically entailed the extermination of all European Jews. The person would either have been sent to a concentration camp or would be in hiding.
5. The son of a Yugoslav partisan in 1943 likely would have been sent to Germany. When the Germans raided villages suspected of partisan activity, the child hostages were sent to Germany. The son could also be killed as well, depending really on the mood of the Germans at the time.
A.
Total War: A war in which not only the armed forces of a country are involved, but its civilians in their daily lives.
Forced Labor: Self explanatory; people are essentially captured and forced to work as slaves in labor camps. In Europe, over 5 million people were taken to do forced labor in Germany; many died because of long hours and poor conditions.
Concentration Camp: Run by the Germans, "factories dealing in death" that were used as a way for the German to kill their enemies: they used starvation, sadism, "inadequate clothing", medical neglect, disease, beatings, hangings, etc. Millions of Europeans were forced into these camps over the course of the war.
"The Final Solution": This was the Nazi's plan for how to deal with the Jews in Europe. In 1942, the Nazis decided that the final solution was to exterminate all of the Jews in Europe, and to achieve this they built 5 concentration camps in Poland with gas chambers. More than 5 million people were killed in them between 1942 and 1945; before, Jews were mainly forced to live in ghettoes and/or were kept on starvation ratios, but at this point the Nazis had decided to just murder all the Jews, straight out.
Ghettoes: Walled off areas of towns which the Jews were not allowed to leave by Nazi orders. An example of a ghetto was the one at Warsaw, in which half a million Jews were trapped in a small area of the city and kept of starvation rations.
Extermination Camps: The concentration camps in Poland, in which more than 5 million people were killed between 1942 and 1945. They were equipped with gas chambers in which thousands of people could be killed at a time with poison gas.
Partisans: Bands of civilians that formed armed groups to resist invaders; known in France as the Resistance.
Guerilla War: "Unorthodox" war tactics were used to take advantage of a more powerful nation. Partisans and the Resistance used guerilla tactics by blowing up railways, roads and telephone lines, ambushing convoys, setting supply dumps on fire, and killing soldiers.
B.
1. A Chinese family in Sunkiang would have been affected by the war in at least the loss of their home. The city was in ashes by 1937, and most of the residents had evacuated. If the family was unlucky they might not have even survived.
2. A French family in Northeastern France would likely have been forced to flee the approaching German troops, losing their homes.
3. A Soviet aircraft factory worker would have been forced to move past the Ural mountains with the rest of the factory equipment in Russia.
4. A Jewish person anywhere in Germany in 1942 would have been affected by the "final solution", which basically entailed the extermination of all European Jews. The person would either have been sent to a concentration camp or would be in hiding.
5. The son of a Yugoslav partisan in 1943 likely would have been sent to Germany. When the Germans raided villages suspected of partisan activity, the child hostages were sent to Germany. The son could also be killed as well, depending really on the mood of the Germans at the time.
HW 17
Japan's Defeat:
1. The Allied tactic of Island Hopping was a strategic plan that gradually took Japan's power away and assisting in the Allied victory. The American forces were divided under 3 different commanders who planned together and drove the Japanese slowly out of the area, towards the Phillipines and Japan. This caused the loss of land, supplies and strategic stations for the Japanese. Japan's control of the Pacific was one of their most enabling tools, and as they lost that power they became weaker and weaker.
2. Japan's severe and growing economic problems throughout the war was another major factor in its defeat. Throughout the 1930s Japan lacked food and materials to supports its exponentially growing population; "their conquests in 1941-42 gave them vast stocks of oil, rubber, metal and other materials", their capacity for making weapons did not match that of America's. America took advantage of this in their submarine raids against Japanese merchant ships.
3. The immense bravery of the Japanese in battle could be seen as either a reason they were defeated, or as a reason that they managed to keep fighting for so long. The further the Allies drove the Japanese back, the harder they fought: on Tawara Atoll only 17 of the 4700 Japanese defenders survived; on Enitwetok none of the 2000 survived; in Saipan the death toll was 2700 with men women and children committing suicide rather than surrender. Japanese soldiers saw death in battle as a way to guarantee a spot in heaven, so their fighting tactics were ruthless, as they were more than willing to die. They didn't have any limits to what they would do, but rather fought to the death. This is a reason that Japan was able to stay fighting for so long, but at the same time, the massive loss of men to kamikaze tactics, and then the suicides of survivors, greatly impacted Japan's manpower.
1. The Allied tactic of Island Hopping was a strategic plan that gradually took Japan's power away and assisting in the Allied victory. The American forces were divided under 3 different commanders who planned together and drove the Japanese slowly out of the area, towards the Phillipines and Japan. This caused the loss of land, supplies and strategic stations for the Japanese. Japan's control of the Pacific was one of their most enabling tools, and as they lost that power they became weaker and weaker.
2. Japan's severe and growing economic problems throughout the war was another major factor in its defeat. Throughout the 1930s Japan lacked food and materials to supports its exponentially growing population; "their conquests in 1941-42 gave them vast stocks of oil, rubber, metal and other materials", their capacity for making weapons did not match that of America's. America took advantage of this in their submarine raids against Japanese merchant ships.
3. The immense bravery of the Japanese in battle could be seen as either a reason they were defeated, or as a reason that they managed to keep fighting for so long. The further the Allies drove the Japanese back, the harder they fought: on Tawara Atoll only 17 of the 4700 Japanese defenders survived; on Enitwetok none of the 2000 survived; in Saipan the death toll was 2700 with men women and children committing suicide rather than surrender. Japanese soldiers saw death in battle as a way to guarantee a spot in heaven, so their fighting tactics were ruthless, as they were more than willing to die. They didn't have any limits to what they would do, but rather fought to the death. This is a reason that Japan was able to stay fighting for so long, but at the same time, the massive loss of men to kamikaze tactics, and then the suicides of survivors, greatly impacted Japan's manpower.
Wednesday, December 16, 2009
HW 16
1. One reason that Germany was defeated was that, despite the fact that the Italy campaign was not successful in terms of winning the war, the Allied captured or Monte Cassino and the resulting battles on the Gothic Line kept German troops tied up. This was helpful because the allies' Operation Overlord.
2. The success of Operation Overlord (D-Day) was also a major factor in the defeat of Germany. Meticulously planned, "an assault force of 4000 ships and landing craft carried 176,000 soldiers...escorted by 600 warships and 7000 fighter planes". After 5 battles the Allies managed to break through the coastal defenses. Consequently 2.1 million allied soldiers were able to get into northern France. The following invasion of southern France (Operation Anvil) allowed the allies to drive the Germans out of France by September.
3. Poor Leadership -- Hitler refused to admit defeat, not allowing the German army to retreat or surrender, instead launching a new bombing campaign against Britain. This was effective, but caused the Allies to launch a new bombing raid of their own. Long-range fighting technology was also a factor in the success of this, managing to cripple Germany's fuel supplies. destroying railways, etc.
2. The success of Operation Overlord (D-Day) was also a major factor in the defeat of Germany. Meticulously planned, "an assault force of 4000 ships and landing craft carried 176,000 soldiers...escorted by 600 warships and 7000 fighter planes". After 5 battles the Allies managed to break through the coastal defenses. Consequently 2.1 million allied soldiers were able to get into northern France. The following invasion of southern France (Operation Anvil) allowed the allies to drive the Germans out of France by September.
3. Poor Leadership -- Hitler refused to admit defeat, not allowing the German army to retreat or surrender, instead launching a new bombing campaign against Britain. This was effective, but caused the Allies to launch a new bombing raid of their own. Long-range fighting technology was also a factor in the success of this, managing to cripple Germany's fuel supplies. destroying railways, etc.
Monday, December 7, 2009
HW #11
A.
1.
a) The white cliffs probably represent the Fjords of Norway when the Bismarck destroyed the HMS Hood, a devastating blow to Britain.
b) The sinking boat represents Britain's loss of naval power.
c) The lion holding the boat is the weakened Britain (and its power as a nation) going down with the ship of its naval power.
d) The captain of the boat represents Churchill.
e) The sharks are the German U-Boats (and German power).
2. The sharks are eating the lion alive, the symbolism of which is pretty obvious: Germany is feeding off of Britain's weakening strength and emerging the victor.
3. I think the point that the cartoonist is trying to make is that Britain's day is over, and it is clinging desperately to the last vestiges of its power but ultimately the Germans are always waiting for the chance to strike.
4. Based on what I've read in this chapter, I think that the cartoonist's viewpoint is a little overzealous,but partly accurate. It is definitely true that Germany was rising as a power on the seas -- the U Boats managed to sink many British naval ships, enough that Britain felt threatened enough to declare a "Battle of the Atlantic", as well as the other victories such as the Bismarck blowing up the Hood and other major naval wins. However, by 1943 new technology such as the Huff-Duff that allowed radio signals from U Boats to be detected for aerial strikes. Consequently, the advantage of the u-boat was eliminated by new technology. However, the allies were still losing the battle
B)
Nazi-Soviet Pact: A pact between the USSR and Germany that they would not attack each other, and that they would secretly conquer Poland and divide it between themselves.
Operation Barbarossa: Germany's 1941 invasion of Russia; supposed to be the final assault on the USSR, but ended very badly for Germany due to under-preparation and underestimation of the USSR's ability to use guerilla tactics.
Scorched Earth Policy: Stalin's policy of ruining the German attack -- anything that was not absolutely necessary that the Germans could use was destroyed (any extra food, clothes, equipment), and factories were moved beyond the Ural Mountains where Germany couldn't reach them.
Neutrality: The policy of not taking a side, not helping either or getting involved in conflicts before; for example, Switzerland was proclaimedly neutral to the conflict, although it has been argued that they were helpful to the Nazis with money.
Lend-Lease aid: Program under which the United States supplied the UK, USSR, France, and other Allied nations with vast amounts of supplies between 1941-45 in the war against the Axis.
Tripartite Axis Pact: Established who the Axis Powers in the war were (1941). The pact was signed by representatives of Germany, Italy and Japan.
United Nations: The "revamped" League of Nations, started in 1945 to maintain international peace and cooperation in solving international economic, social and humanitarian problems rather than resorting to war.
Global War: A war heavily involving the major nations of the world; WWI and WWII were the first global wars, because it was the first time that so many prominent (and small as well) nations were involved in one war.
U-Boats: "Underseeboten", the submarines used for ambushing Germany's naval enemies.
Convoys: Used to protect boats from the U-Boats, a pack of ships that would accompany merchant or war ships for security.
1.
a) The white cliffs probably represent the Fjords of Norway when the Bismarck destroyed the HMS Hood, a devastating blow to Britain.
b) The sinking boat represents Britain's loss of naval power.
c) The lion holding the boat is the weakened Britain (and its power as a nation) going down with the ship of its naval power.
d) The captain of the boat represents Churchill.
e) The sharks are the German U-Boats (and German power).
2. The sharks are eating the lion alive, the symbolism of which is pretty obvious: Germany is feeding off of Britain's weakening strength and emerging the victor.
3. I think the point that the cartoonist is trying to make is that Britain's day is over, and it is clinging desperately to the last vestiges of its power but ultimately the Germans are always waiting for the chance to strike.
4. Based on what I've read in this chapter, I think that the cartoonist's viewpoint is a little overzealous,but partly accurate. It is definitely true that Germany was rising as a power on the seas -- the U Boats managed to sink many British naval ships, enough that Britain felt threatened enough to declare a "Battle of the Atlantic", as well as the other victories such as the Bismarck blowing up the Hood and other major naval wins. However, by 1943 new technology such as the Huff-Duff that allowed radio signals from U Boats to be detected for aerial strikes. Consequently, the advantage of the u-boat was eliminated by new technology. However, the allies were still losing the battle
B)
Nazi-Soviet Pact: A pact between the USSR and Germany that they would not attack each other, and that they would secretly conquer Poland and divide it between themselves.
Operation Barbarossa: Germany's 1941 invasion of Russia; supposed to be the final assault on the USSR, but ended very badly for Germany due to under-preparation and underestimation of the USSR's ability to use guerilla tactics.
Scorched Earth Policy: Stalin's policy of ruining the German attack -- anything that was not absolutely necessary that the Germans could use was destroyed (any extra food, clothes, equipment), and factories were moved beyond the Ural Mountains where Germany couldn't reach them.
Neutrality: The policy of not taking a side, not helping either or getting involved in conflicts before; for example, Switzerland was proclaimedly neutral to the conflict, although it has been argued that they were helpful to the Nazis with money.
Lend-Lease aid: Program under which the United States supplied the UK, USSR, France, and other Allied nations with vast amounts of supplies between 1941-45 in the war against the Axis.
Tripartite Axis Pact: Established who the Axis Powers in the war were (1941). The pact was signed by representatives of Germany, Italy and Japan.
United Nations: The "revamped" League of Nations, started in 1945 to maintain international peace and cooperation in solving international economic, social and humanitarian problems rather than resorting to war.
Global War: A war heavily involving the major nations of the world; WWI and WWII were the first global wars, because it was the first time that so many prominent (and small as well) nations were involved in one war.
U-Boats: "Underseeboten", the submarines used for ambushing Germany's naval enemies.
Convoys: Used to protect boats from the U-Boats, a pack of ships that would accompany merchant or war ships for security.
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
Chapter 6
A)
1. By 1943, the time that this poster was made, all three of the nations represented in the chains were at war with Japan, and Japan seemed to be gaining the upper hand. On Feb. 15 1942, 140,000 British and American troops were taken by the Japanese when they captured Singapore. On March 9, 1942, the Dutch East Indies were taken over by the Japanese. Then in April and May, American troops in the Phillipines surrendered, and British colony Burma succumbed to attack.
2. The artist showed the relationships of the countries to Japan as a heavy chain because for so long these countries oppressed Japan. For example, the U.S. gave money and help to China in its war against Japan before America was even involved, cancelled all of its trading agreements with Japan, "stopped the sale of planes, chemicals, and iron to Japan", and later on even stopped the sale of oil. This was a blow to Japan, because 90% of its oil came from the U.S. Britain's similar colonial and military power had a similar effect.
3. The breaking of the chain by the soldier is meant to represent Japan finally becoming more powerful than The U.S. Britain, and the Dutch, and being able to throw off the chains of their oppression.
4. I think it was published with English rather than Japanese lettering because it was probably intended as a message to the U.S. and Britain and The Dutch that Japan was no longer subservient to them (however, I think that writing this in the language of the people that they are supposedly freeing themselves from defeats the purpose of this message, but I suppose then nobody would have known what it meant).
2)
1. 3 long term causes from the list are: Japan's lack of oil and supplies, US ban on oil supplies, and the formation of the UN (rather, the formation and the consequential lack of action). I think that the most important of these is Japan's lack of oil and supplies, because if Japan had had everything it needed then it likely wouldn't have invaded Manchuria, as Manchuria's resources were the biggest reason for invading.
2. 3 long term consequences were Japan becoming the greatest power in Asia, the collapse of British colonial power and the Tripartite Axis Pact. I think that the most important of these was Japan's becoming the most powerful Asian country, because it enabled the war to go on for longer. Ultimately, because of Japan's growth in power, the only way that the Western powers saw to stop Japan was to use the nuclear bombs, which killed and devastated millions and millions of people.
3.
1. Formation of the U.N.
2. Japan's lack of oil and supplies
3. US ban on oil supplies to Japan
4. Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor
5. The Tripartite Axis Pact
6. Collapse of British colonial power
7. Japan becomes the most powerful country in the East
8. Co-Prosperity Sphere (? I don't know what this is)
1. By 1943, the time that this poster was made, all three of the nations represented in the chains were at war with Japan, and Japan seemed to be gaining the upper hand. On Feb. 15 1942, 140,000 British and American troops were taken by the Japanese when they captured Singapore. On March 9, 1942, the Dutch East Indies were taken over by the Japanese. Then in April and May, American troops in the Phillipines surrendered, and British colony Burma succumbed to attack.
2. The artist showed the relationships of the countries to Japan as a heavy chain because for so long these countries oppressed Japan. For example, the U.S. gave money and help to China in its war against Japan before America was even involved, cancelled all of its trading agreements with Japan, "stopped the sale of planes, chemicals, and iron to Japan", and later on even stopped the sale of oil. This was a blow to Japan, because 90% of its oil came from the U.S. Britain's similar colonial and military power had a similar effect.
3. The breaking of the chain by the soldier is meant to represent Japan finally becoming more powerful than The U.S. Britain, and the Dutch, and being able to throw off the chains of their oppression.
4. I think it was published with English rather than Japanese lettering because it was probably intended as a message to the U.S. and Britain and The Dutch that Japan was no longer subservient to them (however, I think that writing this in the language of the people that they are supposedly freeing themselves from defeats the purpose of this message, but I suppose then nobody would have known what it meant).
2)
1. 3 long term causes from the list are: Japan's lack of oil and supplies, US ban on oil supplies, and the formation of the UN (rather, the formation and the consequential lack of action). I think that the most important of these is Japan's lack of oil and supplies, because if Japan had had everything it needed then it likely wouldn't have invaded Manchuria, as Manchuria's resources were the biggest reason for invading.
2. 3 long term consequences were Japan becoming the greatest power in Asia, the collapse of British colonial power and the Tripartite Axis Pact. I think that the most important of these was Japan's becoming the most powerful Asian country, because it enabled the war to go on for longer. Ultimately, because of Japan's growth in power, the only way that the Western powers saw to stop Japan was to use the nuclear bombs, which killed and devastated millions and millions of people.
3.
1. Formation of the U.N.
2. Japan's lack of oil and supplies
3. US ban on oil supplies to Japan
4. Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor
5. The Tripartite Axis Pact
6. Collapse of British colonial power
7. Japan becomes the most powerful country in the East
8. Co-Prosperity Sphere (? I don't know what this is)
Paper 1 OPVL
1)
Source 1, Chapter 5: "The Great Fatherland War" from the Longman "Global War" book is a brief chapter from a British textbook meant for high school history students. Its purpose is to give a thorough overview of the German attack of Russia in World War II -- What Hitler's motivation for attack was; the details of Operation Barbarossa, Germany's plan for attacking Russia; and the Russian defense and how Russia ultimately drove Germany out. The source has value for learning about the invasion of Russia because it is from a reliable source; it is a textbook that is used in a number of schools, so it can be assumed that it is accurate. It was written from a British perspective, which could be a value because Britain was directly involved in World War II; America was involved, but in a far more disconnected way than European countries whose lands were threatened and people entrenched in the effects of war, so a British text might be more "real" than an American one. However, the British origin could also be a limitation, as Britain was fighting against Germany in WWII. Leftover resentment from the war might have colored the depiction of German actions more than if it were an American text; it certainly seems to present the story in a way that favors the USSR more than Germany. Another limitation is that the text doesn't really offer any different interpretations of why Germany had to back out. It gives a fairly balances view, citing Stalin's "scorched earth" methods and the weather and conditions; but there are probably many more things that affected Germany's failure too, such as leadership and the planning of Operation Barbarossa. Altogether, it is a fairly reliable text that gives very good basics of the situation, but it is only meant to give an overview, not a complete understanding of the situation.
Why Nations Go to War is a book on the major wars of the 20th century, analyzing how and why they happened, by historian John Stoessinger. Its purpose is to analyze different interpretations of why certain nations went to war with each other and educate the reader about these things, analyze why the wars took the courses they did, and even to question modern history through the spectrum of the past. Of course, the purpose of any book is also to sell copies, and to present the author's opinion on the subject. This source has value because Stoessinger, its author, is a highly respected historian. It also has value because it very thoroughly goes through what happened, with dates and events and names, so that the reader gets a very accurate view of the events as they happened. It also goes into more detail with the prelude to the attack, and how Stalin allowed the invasion to happen when he has fair warning. However, the chapter is written from a more psychological viewpoint, and so it represents a certain view -- the author's view, which is only an interpretation. Positivist historians would say that this is not history at all, because it isn't just the straight presentation of historical facts -- rather it attempts to give the motivations that can only be speculated about. Because this chapter focuses on what Hitler's personal motivations and psychology might have been, it doesn't present the most balanced viewpoint of the situation because the truth might be that Hitler's personal motivations (the desire to completely crush Russia, not just to continue building his Reich) might not have been as big a factor as Stoessinger speculates.
2)
Both sources claim that inclement weather was certainly a reason that Hitler's armies failed to win the war in Russia. Both of them detail the circumstances -- Hitler's army was unprepared for the harsh Russian winters. The torrential rain that turned the fields to mud and slowed the army down, the freezing temperatures dropped to -40 degress Farenheit, and the failure of the German army's weapons to work in the frigid climate were all factors that inhibited them, and caused Hitler to lose many men. Both sources also claim that the USSR was saved in part by its manpower and the peoples' resistance. The cruelty of the German soldiers compelled the Russian people to become Partisans, or members of resistance groups, which made fighting for the Germans significantly more difficult. Both sources also seem to both imply that Stalin's awareness that by signing the Soviet-Nazi Treaty was only buying him time might have at least been helpful. He didn't expect Germany not to attack, and he also didn't heed the warnings of Britain and the U.S. While this was also a reason that Hitler was able to attack, Stalin was at least aware that attack might be coming.
The Stoessinger source is different from the textbook source in that it also offers more in-depth psychological insights to why Hitler's invasion of Russia failed. One of these is a sort of miscalculation theory, that Hitler didn't know what he was getting himself into. This is seen in his failure to equip his troops properly, assuming he would have a quick summer victory. Because of this miscalculations, when the Russian winter came, the men were much more succeptible to the elements. Although the Russian winter theory was explored in the other source, it didn't discuss why it was that the men were so ill-prepared for Russian war, and does not attribute it to Hitler's miscalculation. A general view explored in the Stoessinger source that was not even mentioned in Chapter 5 of the Global War text was that the reason for Hitler's failure is that his deep desire to destroy Russia blinded him to the reality of situations. He thought that Russia was far more of a threat than it was, or than it could realistically be, so he did not consult with people who knew better, or listen to them, and charged into war with a fear disproportionate to the actual threat. An aspect of Hitler's failure that has great significance attributed to it in the Chapter 5 source and is not even mentioned in the Stoessinger source is Stalin's "scorched-earth" method. One of the most important effects of this was that the Soviet weapons factories were outside of German reach, as well as other important factories such as textiles for clothing, ammunition, and transport. Because of the removal of factories to far-away places, the Germans weren't able to take supplies from the Russians, and only had what they were supplied -- clearly not enough for a victory.
Source 1, Chapter 5: "The Great Fatherland War" from the Longman "Global War" book is a brief chapter from a British textbook meant for high school history students. Its purpose is to give a thorough overview of the German attack of Russia in World War II -- What Hitler's motivation for attack was; the details of Operation Barbarossa, Germany's plan for attacking Russia; and the Russian defense and how Russia ultimately drove Germany out. The source has value for learning about the invasion of Russia because it is from a reliable source; it is a textbook that is used in a number of schools, so it can be assumed that it is accurate. It was written from a British perspective, which could be a value because Britain was directly involved in World War II; America was involved, but in a far more disconnected way than European countries whose lands were threatened and people entrenched in the effects of war, so a British text might be more "real" than an American one. However, the British origin could also be a limitation, as Britain was fighting against Germany in WWII. Leftover resentment from the war might have colored the depiction of German actions more than if it were an American text; it certainly seems to present the story in a way that favors the USSR more than Germany. Another limitation is that the text doesn't really offer any different interpretations of why Germany had to back out. It gives a fairly balances view, citing Stalin's "scorched earth" methods and the weather and conditions; but there are probably many more things that affected Germany's failure too, such as leadership and the planning of Operation Barbarossa. Altogether, it is a fairly reliable text that gives very good basics of the situation, but it is only meant to give an overview, not a complete understanding of the situation.
Why Nations Go to War is a book on the major wars of the 20th century, analyzing how and why they happened, by historian John Stoessinger. Its purpose is to analyze different interpretations of why certain nations went to war with each other and educate the reader about these things, analyze why the wars took the courses they did, and even to question modern history through the spectrum of the past. Of course, the purpose of any book is also to sell copies, and to present the author's opinion on the subject. This source has value because Stoessinger, its author, is a highly respected historian. It also has value because it very thoroughly goes through what happened, with dates and events and names, so that the reader gets a very accurate view of the events as they happened. It also goes into more detail with the prelude to the attack, and how Stalin allowed the invasion to happen when he has fair warning. However, the chapter is written from a more psychological viewpoint, and so it represents a certain view -- the author's view, which is only an interpretation. Positivist historians would say that this is not history at all, because it isn't just the straight presentation of historical facts -- rather it attempts to give the motivations that can only be speculated about. Because this chapter focuses on what Hitler's personal motivations and psychology might have been, it doesn't present the most balanced viewpoint of the situation because the truth might be that Hitler's personal motivations (the desire to completely crush Russia, not just to continue building his Reich) might not have been as big a factor as Stoessinger speculates.
2)
Both sources claim that inclement weather was certainly a reason that Hitler's armies failed to win the war in Russia. Both of them detail the circumstances -- Hitler's army was unprepared for the harsh Russian winters. The torrential rain that turned the fields to mud and slowed the army down, the freezing temperatures dropped to -40 degress Farenheit, and the failure of the German army's weapons to work in the frigid climate were all factors that inhibited them, and caused Hitler to lose many men. Both sources also claim that the USSR was saved in part by its manpower and the peoples' resistance. The cruelty of the German soldiers compelled the Russian people to become Partisans, or members of resistance groups, which made fighting for the Germans significantly more difficult. Both sources also seem to both imply that Stalin's awareness that by signing the Soviet-Nazi Treaty was only buying him time might have at least been helpful. He didn't expect Germany not to attack, and he also didn't heed the warnings of Britain and the U.S. While this was also a reason that Hitler was able to attack, Stalin was at least aware that attack might be coming.
The Stoessinger source is different from the textbook source in that it also offers more in-depth psychological insights to why Hitler's invasion of Russia failed. One of these is a sort of miscalculation theory, that Hitler didn't know what he was getting himself into. This is seen in his failure to equip his troops properly, assuming he would have a quick summer victory. Because of this miscalculations, when the Russian winter came, the men were much more succeptible to the elements. Although the Russian winter theory was explored in the other source, it didn't discuss why it was that the men were so ill-prepared for Russian war, and does not attribute it to Hitler's miscalculation. A general view explored in the Stoessinger source that was not even mentioned in Chapter 5 of the Global War text was that the reason for Hitler's failure is that his deep desire to destroy Russia blinded him to the reality of situations. He thought that Russia was far more of a threat than it was, or than it could realistically be, so he did not consult with people who knew better, or listen to them, and charged into war with a fear disproportionate to the actual threat. An aspect of Hitler's failure that has great significance attributed to it in the Chapter 5 source and is not even mentioned in the Stoessinger source is Stalin's "scorched-earth" method. One of the most important effects of this was that the Soviet weapons factories were outside of German reach, as well as other important factories such as textiles for clothing, ammunition, and transport. Because of the removal of factories to far-away places, the Germans weren't able to take supplies from the Russians, and only had what they were supplied -- clearly not enough for a victory.
Tuesday, December 1, 2009
HW #4
For Wed, Nov. 18. Please read Chapters 1 and 2 Handouts "From Lightning to Phoney War" and "The Fall of Western Europe" and answer questions A-C from Ch. 1 and A-B in CH. 2.
Chapter 1.
A)
1. Based on sources A-D, the effects of the war on the Polish people were devastating. Germany said that the war would be "humane", but right away, innocent civilians were targets. One of the first attacks on Poland killed 80 women and children out of 120 dead. Beyond the immediate effects of death, houses and villages were destroyed, and people were left starving. Dead bodies were piling up in the streets, and bombs were going off. Source D shows the utter devastation of a city attacked by the Germans -- the buildings are torn apart, the whole place is reduced nearly to rubble with only the foundations left standings.
2.
a) I think that sources A-C were anonymous probably because whoever was speaking out against the German occupation didn't want to be caught, because that could mean punishment for them and their families. This does affect their credibility somewhat, because for all the reader knows, these might not have been written by a Polish person after all -- it could be propaganda written by a British politician, or it could be exaggerated to evoke sympathy.
b) Source D helps use sources A-C because it helps the reader visualize what they are reading about in Sources A-C. Actually seeing the skeletons of buildings that the Germans bombed makes it much more real to the reader.
c) The Polish Black Book was published in Britain in 1940 probably as a kind if propaganda. This was just when Britain was entering the war, and Britain entered the war in the first place because of Britain's invasion of Poland. If this book was just coming out then, it would have been read by a number of British people who would have been moved to support the war and make an effort in it.
d) Its kind of hard to tell the usefulness of The Polish Black Book as a source after only having read 3 excerpts from it, but it seems as if it might be a little exaggerated for the sake of making people angry so that they wanted to fight the Germans, in which case it might not be the most reliable source.
B)
1. I think it's hard to argue that any methods of war are "humane", when the purpose of war is to kill as many people as you can on the other side. I don't think that any of the things listed in sources A-D are "humane", as they show the killing of civilians, the burning of houses and the destruction of cities.
2. Sources A-D suggest that the Germans weren't "humane" by listing all the things they did -- they bombed cities, systematically burned homes, destroyed villages, killed women and children, and left the people starving. This sounds like an example of total war to me.
3. This is the same question as the last two. I just answered this. "They bombed cities, systematically burned homes, destroyed villages, killed women and children, and left the people starving".
C)
1. According to Source E, the lives of the people in the "Big House" only really changed in that they did have arrangements made in case of an air raid. However, the lifestyle was still luxurious -- the description of the place the owner and her guests would stay sounds more like a luxury hotel than a bunker, and even the female servants' quarter sounds far better than whatever conditions the Poles were living in.
2. Source F suggests that daily life in London seems like it was affected, but that people did continue to lead their lives as normally as possible while incorporating precautions for what could come -- for example, the two gentlemen chatting while wearing gas masks by a pool of water for putting out fires. Still living life somewhat normally, but also being cautious of what could happen.
3. Based on Sources E and F, I would say that the British called WWII "The Phony War" because life was still going on in its normal fashion, without any interference from fighting that one would normally expect from war. Yes, people had bunkers set up and wore gas masks just in case, but behind these superficial precautions, life was unchanged.
Chapter 2
A.
1. In Source A, Churchill was offering the British a long, hard battle, but the only other option was defeat. Churchill recognized that the people would have to suffer throughout the war, and that it would be long and cruel, but to fight was the only real option.
2. I think that the "Blood, Sweat, and Tears" speech was so popular because it used strong language to evoke a feeling of national pride in the British people. Churchill's word choice made the suffering that was inevitably ahead for the British people sound heroic, and this attitude fortified them for battle.
B)
1. An 'armada' is a military term for a large fleet of ships, usually rescuing something/something. This word was probably used because it sounds grand and heroic, like the British were executing a daring rescue. Words like these build national pride and makes the reader feel like their government is doing something wonderful for the Poles.
2. I don't know that a French paper might have written this much differently. It might use less grandiose language and have less a search for breathless superlatives, but ultimately the depiction of the British as heros would have stayed the same. A German paper would have made the incident sound as if the British were unfair -- perhaps that they used unfair tactics, or had too large a fleet. Obviously it wouldn't be so complimentary to the British.
Chapter 1.
A)
1. Based on sources A-D, the effects of the war on the Polish people were devastating. Germany said that the war would be "humane", but right away, innocent civilians were targets. One of the first attacks on Poland killed 80 women and children out of 120 dead. Beyond the immediate effects of death, houses and villages were destroyed, and people were left starving. Dead bodies were piling up in the streets, and bombs were going off. Source D shows the utter devastation of a city attacked by the Germans -- the buildings are torn apart, the whole place is reduced nearly to rubble with only the foundations left standings.
2.
a) I think that sources A-C were anonymous probably because whoever was speaking out against the German occupation didn't want to be caught, because that could mean punishment for them and their families. This does affect their credibility somewhat, because for all the reader knows, these might not have been written by a Polish person after all -- it could be propaganda written by a British politician, or it could be exaggerated to evoke sympathy.
b) Source D helps use sources A-C because it helps the reader visualize what they are reading about in Sources A-C. Actually seeing the skeletons of buildings that the Germans bombed makes it much more real to the reader.
c) The Polish Black Book was published in Britain in 1940 probably as a kind if propaganda. This was just when Britain was entering the war, and Britain entered the war in the first place because of Britain's invasion of Poland. If this book was just coming out then, it would have been read by a number of British people who would have been moved to support the war and make an effort in it.
d) Its kind of hard to tell the usefulness of The Polish Black Book as a source after only having read 3 excerpts from it, but it seems as if it might be a little exaggerated for the sake of making people angry so that they wanted to fight the Germans, in which case it might not be the most reliable source.
B)
1. I think it's hard to argue that any methods of war are "humane", when the purpose of war is to kill as many people as you can on the other side. I don't think that any of the things listed in sources A-D are "humane", as they show the killing of civilians, the burning of houses and the destruction of cities.
2. Sources A-D suggest that the Germans weren't "humane" by listing all the things they did -- they bombed cities, systematically burned homes, destroyed villages, killed women and children, and left the people starving. This sounds like an example of total war to me.
3. This is the same question as the last two. I just answered this. "They bombed cities, systematically burned homes, destroyed villages, killed women and children, and left the people starving".
C)
1. According to Source E, the lives of the people in the "Big House" only really changed in that they did have arrangements made in case of an air raid. However, the lifestyle was still luxurious -- the description of the place the owner and her guests would stay sounds more like a luxury hotel than a bunker, and even the female servants' quarter sounds far better than whatever conditions the Poles were living in.
2. Source F suggests that daily life in London seems like it was affected, but that people did continue to lead their lives as normally as possible while incorporating precautions for what could come -- for example, the two gentlemen chatting while wearing gas masks by a pool of water for putting out fires. Still living life somewhat normally, but also being cautious of what could happen.
3. Based on Sources E and F, I would say that the British called WWII "The Phony War" because life was still going on in its normal fashion, without any interference from fighting that one would normally expect from war. Yes, people had bunkers set up and wore gas masks just in case, but behind these superficial precautions, life was unchanged.
Chapter 2
A.
1. In Source A, Churchill was offering the British a long, hard battle, but the only other option was defeat. Churchill recognized that the people would have to suffer throughout the war, and that it would be long and cruel, but to fight was the only real option.
2. I think that the "Blood, Sweat, and Tears" speech was so popular because it used strong language to evoke a feeling of national pride in the British people. Churchill's word choice made the suffering that was inevitably ahead for the British people sound heroic, and this attitude fortified them for battle.
B)
1. An 'armada' is a military term for a large fleet of ships, usually rescuing something/something. This word was probably used because it sounds grand and heroic, like the British were executing a daring rescue. Words like these build national pride and makes the reader feel like their government is doing something wonderful for the Poles.
2. I don't know that a French paper might have written this much differently. It might use less grandiose language and have less a search for breathless superlatives, but ultimately the depiction of the British as heros would have stayed the same. A German paper would have made the incident sound as if the British were unfair -- perhaps that they used unfair tactics, or had too large a fleet. Obviously it wouldn't be so complimentary to the British.
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